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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク List of excommunicated cardinals ： ウィキペディア英語版 List of excommunicated cardinals Only a few dozen cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church have been excommunicated. A cardinal is a Roman Catholic priest, deacon, or bishop entitled to vote in a papal election. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. Excommunication—literally, the denial of communion—means that a person is barred from participating in the Sacraments or holding ecclesiastical office. ''Ne Romani'' (1311), promulgated by Pope Clement V during the Council of Vienne, extended suffrage in papal election to excommunicated cardinals in an attempt to limit schisms.〔Miranda, S. 1998. "(Guide to documents and events )". Florida International University.〕 This list includes only cardinals who have been explicitly excommunicated by a pope or ecumenical council, rather than those who (depending on one's interpretation) may have been excommunicated ''latae sententiae''. For example, several precepts of papal election law prescribed automatic excommunication, such as ''Licet de vitanda'' of the Lateran Council which prohibited election by one-third, and Pope Pius X's ''Commissum Nobis'', which made the exercise of the ''jus exclusivae'' by any cardinal punishable by excommunication.〔Miranda, S. 1998. "(Guide to documents and events )". Florida International University.〕〔Miranda, S. 1998. "(Guide to documents and events )". Florida International University.〕 It also does not include excommunicated quasi-cardinals (cardinals elevated by antipopes) or clerics excommunicated before receiving the red hat. Many excommunicated cardinals reconciled (most often with the successor of their excommunicator) and had their offices restored. Some would later be elected pope; for example, Formosus and Sergius III. == 9th century == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of excommunicated cardinals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.